Robert A Whit
01-03-2013, 04:18 PM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel#History (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel#History)
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Pork barrel is the appropriation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(law)) of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district. The usage originated in American English (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English).[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-1) In election campaigns, the term is used in derogatory fashion to attack opponents. Scholars, however, use it as a technical term regarding legislative control of local appropriations.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-2)<o:p></o:p>
History</SPAN><o:p></o:p>The term pork barrel politics usually refers to spending which is intended to benefit constituents (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district) of a politician (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician) in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance) or votes. In the popular 1863 story "The Children of the Public", Edward Everett Hale (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale) used the term pork barrel as a homely metaphor for any form of public spending to the citizenry.[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-3) After the American Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War), however, the term came to be used in a derogatory sense. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the modern sense of the term from 1873.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-4) By the 1870s, references to "pork" were common in Congress, and the term was further popularized by a 1919 article by Chester Collins Maxey in the National Municipal Review, which reported on certain legislative acts known to members of Congress as "pork barrel bills". He claimed that the phrase originated in a pre-Civil War practice of giving slaves a barrel of salt pork as a reward and requiring them to compete among themselves to get their share of the handout.[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-5) More generally, a barrel of salt pork (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_pork) was a common larder (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larder) item in 19th century households, and could be used as a measure of the family's financial well-being. For example, in his 1845 novel The Chainbearer, James Fenimore Cooper (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper) wrote, "I hold a family to be in a desperate way, when the mother can see the bottom of the pork barrel."[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-6)<o:p></o:p>
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit§ion=2)] Definition<o:p></o:p>Typically, "pork" involves funding for government programs whose economic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic) or service benefits are concentrated in a particular area but whose costs are spread among all taxpayers. Public works (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_works) projects, certain national defense spending projects, and agricultural subsidies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies) are the most commonly cited examples.<o:p></o:p>
Citizens Against Government Waste (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Against_Government_Waste)[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-7) outlines seven criteria by which spending can be classified as "pork":<o:p></o:p>
Requested by only one chamber of Congress<o:p></o:p>
Not specifically authorized<o:p></o:p>
Not competitively awarded<o:p></o:p>
Not requested by the President<o:p></o:p>
Greatly exceeds the President’s budget request or the previous year’s funding<o:p></o:p>
Not the subject of Congressional hearings<o:p></o:p>
Serves only a local or special interest.<o:p></o:p>
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit§ion=3)] Examples<o:p></o:p>One of the earliest examples of pork barrel politics in the United States was the Bonus Bill of 1817 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Bill_of_1817), which was introduced by Democrat John C. Calhoun (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun) to construct highways (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways) linking the Eastern and Southern United States to its Western frontier (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier#The_U.S._frontier) using the earnings bonus from the Second Bank of the United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States). Calhoun argued for it using general welfare and post roads clauses of the United States Constitution (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution). Although he approved of the economic development goal, President James Madison (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison) vetoed the bill as unconstitutional (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality).<o:p></o:p>
1873 Defiance (Ohio) Democrat 13 Sept. 1/8: "Recollecting their many previous visits to the public pork-barrel,... this hue-and-cry over the salary grab... puzzles quite as much as it alarms them."
1896 Overland Monthly Sept. 370/2: "Another illustration represents Mr. Ford in the act of hooking out a chunk of River and Harbor Pork out of a Congressional Pork Barrel valued at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars."<o:p></o:p>
One of the most famous alleged pork-barrel projects was the Big Dig (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig_(Boston,_Massachusetts)) in Boston (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston), Massachusetts (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts). The Big Dig was a project to relocate an existing 3.5-mile (5.6 km) section of the interstate highway (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_highway) system underground. It ended up costing US$14.6 billion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000,000,000_(number)), or over US$4 billion per mile.[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-8) Tip O'Neill (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill) (D-Mass), after whom one of the Big Dig tunnels was named, pushed to have the Big Dig funded by the federal government while he was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representati ves). [9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-9)<o:p></o:p>
During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008), the Gravina Island Bridge (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravina_Island_Bridge) (also known as the "Bridge to Nowhere") in Alaska was cited as an example of pork barrel spending. The bridge, pushed for by Republican Senator Ted Stevens (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Stevens), was projected to cost $398 million and would connect the island's 50 residents and the Ketchikan International Airport (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan_International_Airport) to Revillagigedo Island (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revillagigedo_Island) and Ketchikan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan).[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-10)<o:p></o:p>
Pork-barrel projects, or earmarks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_(politics)), are added to the federal budget by members of the appropriation committees of United States Congress (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress). This allows delivery of federal funds to the local district or state of the appropriation committee member, often accommodating major campaign contributors. To a certain extent, a member of Congress is judged by their ability to deliver funds to their constituents. The Chairman and the ranking member (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_member) of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations) are in a position to deliver significant benefits to their states.<o:p></o:p>
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Pork barrel is the appropriation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(law)) of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district. The usage originated in American English (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English).[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-1) In election campaigns, the term is used in derogatory fashion to attack opponents. Scholars, however, use it as a technical term regarding legislative control of local appropriations.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-2)<o:p></o:p>
History</SPAN><o:p></o:p>The term pork barrel politics usually refers to spending which is intended to benefit constituents (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district) of a politician (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician) in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance) or votes. In the popular 1863 story "The Children of the Public", Edward Everett Hale (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale) used the term pork barrel as a homely metaphor for any form of public spending to the citizenry.[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-3) After the American Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War), however, the term came to be used in a derogatory sense. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the modern sense of the term from 1873.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-4) By the 1870s, references to "pork" were common in Congress, and the term was further popularized by a 1919 article by Chester Collins Maxey in the National Municipal Review, which reported on certain legislative acts known to members of Congress as "pork barrel bills". He claimed that the phrase originated in a pre-Civil War practice of giving slaves a barrel of salt pork as a reward and requiring them to compete among themselves to get their share of the handout.[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-5) More generally, a barrel of salt pork (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_pork) was a common larder (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larder) item in 19th century households, and could be used as a measure of the family's financial well-being. For example, in his 1845 novel The Chainbearer, James Fenimore Cooper (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper) wrote, "I hold a family to be in a desperate way, when the mother can see the bottom of the pork barrel."[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-6)<o:p></o:p>
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit§ion=2)] Definition<o:p></o:p>Typically, "pork" involves funding for government programs whose economic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic) or service benefits are concentrated in a particular area but whose costs are spread among all taxpayers. Public works (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_works) projects, certain national defense spending projects, and agricultural subsidies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies) are the most commonly cited examples.<o:p></o:p>
Citizens Against Government Waste (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Against_Government_Waste)[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-7) outlines seven criteria by which spending can be classified as "pork":<o:p></o:p>
Requested by only one chamber of Congress<o:p></o:p>
Not specifically authorized<o:p></o:p>
Not competitively awarded<o:p></o:p>
Not requested by the President<o:p></o:p>
Greatly exceeds the President’s budget request or the previous year’s funding<o:p></o:p>
Not the subject of Congressional hearings<o:p></o:p>
Serves only a local or special interest.<o:p></o:p>
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit§ion=3)] Examples<o:p></o:p>One of the earliest examples of pork barrel politics in the United States was the Bonus Bill of 1817 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Bill_of_1817), which was introduced by Democrat John C. Calhoun (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun) to construct highways (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways) linking the Eastern and Southern United States to its Western frontier (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier#The_U.S._frontier) using the earnings bonus from the Second Bank of the United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States). Calhoun argued for it using general welfare and post roads clauses of the United States Constitution (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution). Although he approved of the economic development goal, President James Madison (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison) vetoed the bill as unconstitutional (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality).<o:p></o:p>
1873 Defiance (Ohio) Democrat 13 Sept. 1/8: "Recollecting their many previous visits to the public pork-barrel,... this hue-and-cry over the salary grab... puzzles quite as much as it alarms them."
1896 Overland Monthly Sept. 370/2: "Another illustration represents Mr. Ford in the act of hooking out a chunk of River and Harbor Pork out of a Congressional Pork Barrel valued at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars."<o:p></o:p>
One of the most famous alleged pork-barrel projects was the Big Dig (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dig_(Boston,_Massachusetts)) in Boston (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston), Massachusetts (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts). The Big Dig was a project to relocate an existing 3.5-mile (5.6 km) section of the interstate highway (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_highway) system underground. It ended up costing US$14.6 billion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000,000,000_(number)), or over US$4 billion per mile.[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-8) Tip O'Neill (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill) (D-Mass), after whom one of the Big Dig tunnels was named, pushed to have the Big Dig funded by the federal government while he was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representati ves). [9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-9)<o:p></o:p>
During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008), the Gravina Island Bridge (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravina_Island_Bridge) (also known as the "Bridge to Nowhere") in Alaska was cited as an example of pork barrel spending. The bridge, pushed for by Republican Senator Ted Stevens (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Stevens), was projected to cost $398 million and would connect the island's 50 residents and the Ketchikan International Airport (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan_International_Airport) to Revillagigedo Island (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revillagigedo_Island) and Ketchikan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan).[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-10)<o:p></o:p>
Pork-barrel projects, or earmarks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_(politics)), are added to the federal budget by members of the appropriation committees of United States Congress (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress). This allows delivery of federal funds to the local district or state of the appropriation committee member, often accommodating major campaign contributors. To a certain extent, a member of Congress is judged by their ability to deliver funds to their constituents. The Chairman and the ranking member (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_member) of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations) are in a position to deliver significant benefits to their states.<o:p></o:p>
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